Design and Evaluation of Multi-Hop Relaying in Emerging Radio Networks

<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> <span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">Design and Evaluation of Multi-Hop Relaying in Emerging</span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">Radio Networks</span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></h1><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #201f1e; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br aria-hidden="true" /></span></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #201f1e; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br aria-hidden="true" /></span></span></b></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #201f1e; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Abstract</span></span></b></p><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #201f1e; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></p><div style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 11pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="x_x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="x_x_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.6933px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cognitive radio networks have emerged to exploit optimally the scarcely-available</span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></p><p class="x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">radio spectrum resources to enable evolving 5G wireless communication systems. In</span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></p><p class="x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">these networks, dynamic spectrum access is considered spectrally more efficient than</span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></p><p class="x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">networks using fixed spectral allocation. These networks are characterized by dynamically changing channel sets at each node. Multi- hop cognitive radio network is a</span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></p><p class="x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cooperative network in which cognitive users take help of their neighbors to forward</span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></p><p class="x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">data to the destination. These networks tend to cater to the ever-increasing demands</span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></p><p class="x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">of higher data rates, lower latencies and ubiquitous coverage. Adding buffers at each</span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></p><p class="x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">relay node provides additional flexibility of storing the data and later transmitting when</span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></p><p class="x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">conditions are favorable for transmission. Thus, the use of buffer-aided cooperative relaying, a cognitive radio network can enhance both, the spectral efficiency and the range of the network; although, this could incur additional end-to-end delays. To mitigate this possible limitation of the buffer-aided relaying in the underlay cognitive network, a buffer-aided multi-hop relay selection (BAMR) technique is proposed that integrates a virtual duplex multi-hop mechanism with the simple buffer-aided relaying in a CRN , which improves throughput and reduces end-to-end delays, while keeping the outage probability to a minimum as well. This scheme, simultaneously, takes into account the inter-relay interference and the interference to the primary network. The proposed scheme is modeled as a Markov chain, and Monte Carlo simulations under various scenarios are conducted to evaluate several key performance metrics; such as, throughput, outage probability, and average packet delay. The simulation results show that BAMR scheme outperforms all other contemporary schemes</span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></p><p class="x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></p><p class="x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">After developing BAMR scheme the focus was shifted to enhancing the relaying selection process through Multi objective optimization. The relays are generally selected</span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></p><p class="x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">on the basis of signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) and throughput or delay</span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></p><p class="x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">performance; however other factors such as power consumption and buffer capacity can also have a significant impact on relay selection. In this work, a multi-objective relay</span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></p><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 17.12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pair selection scheme is proposed that simultaneously takes into consideration throughput and delay performance along with the battery power and buffer space at the relay nodes while maintaining the required SINR as well. The proposed scheme involves the formulation of four objective functions to respectively maximize throughput , minimize the delay, and takes into account battery power consumption and availability of buffer space for interim storage of packets, before transmission . A weighted sum approach is then used to combine these objective functions to form a single multi-objective optimization problem. A variety of application quality-of-service (QoS) requirement scenarios involving a mix of real-time (RT) traffic, non-real-time (RT) traffic along with power-consumption and buffer space limitations have been considered through assignment of weights and analyzed correspondingly. Genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm (PSO) based techniques were used to validate the results obtained by our weighted sum technique . Although GA required more iterations then PSO, but both methods yielded the same relay for these application scenarios. The analysis shows that the proposed scheme performs equally well in all aspects and enables to select the best relay pair for each of the application scenarios.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 11pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; 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color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 17.12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 11pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="border: 0px; 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Design and Evaluation of Multi-Hop Relaying in Emerging Radio Networks

 Design and Evaluation of Multi-Hop Relaying in Emerging Radio Networks AbstractCognitive radio networks have emerged to exploit optimally the scarcely-available radio spectrum resources to enable evo…

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Efficient Hardware Architectures for Data Driven Time Frequency Algorithm

<p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: inherit; font-family: Calibri, "sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; text-align: justify;"><b>Efficient Hardware Architectures for Data Driven Time Frequency Algorithm</b></span></p><div style="background-color: white !important; border: 0px; color: rgb(32, 31, 30) !important; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><br aria-hidden="true" /></div><p style="background-color: white !important; color: rgb(32, 31, 30) !important; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="border: 0px; color: black !important; font-family: "Century Gothic", sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br aria-hidden="true" /></span></b></p><p style="background-color: white !important; color: rgb(32, 31, 30) !important; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="border: 0px; color: black !important; font-family: "Century Gothic", sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Abstract</span></b></p><div style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="background-color: white !important; color: rgb(32, 31, 30) !important; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></p><div style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white !important; color: inherit; font-family: arial; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black !important; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="x_x_x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.6933px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="x_x_MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0in;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #201f1e; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">Data-driven methods such as Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition (MEMD), and Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) have proven to be extremely useful in diverse fields for decomposition and time-frequency analysis of non-stationary data. Moreover, multivariate, or multichannel data have become ubiquitous in many modern scientific and engineering applications (such as biomedical engineering) due to recent advances in sensor and computing technology. Processing these datasets is challenging because of their large size and multidimensional nature, requiring specialized algorithms and efficient hardware designs for online and real-time processing.  </span></p><p style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0in;"><br /></p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>EMD and MEMD, in their original formulation, both works collectively on a batch data and hence are not suitable for online applications that require continuous real-time data processing capability. Few Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based hardware designs for EMD computations have emerged in recent years, yet none have found considerable success in practical applications. The main reason for this issue is that existing designs mostly use linear interpolation instead of well-established Cubic Spline Interpolation (CSI) for the sifting process within EMD. Although fewer hardware resources and lower execution time are reported, but the accuracy of EMD decomposition is significantly compromised due to usage of linear interpolation. Moreover, MEMD is another data-driven method that extends the functionality of the standard EMD algorithm to multichannel or multivariate datasets. MEMD algorithm has found widespread applications spanning different fields which are related and not limited to engineering. EMD and MEMD required recursive operation while an advanced data driven algorithm named as VMD is a non-recursive and adaptive data-driven method to decomposed real value signal into a distinct number of finite band-limited IMFs. VMD is based on a variational approach, so the Alternate Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) techniques has been used in the VMD algorithm. At present, no parallel FPGA based hardware design for both algorithm MEMD and VMD is available for its online and real-time processing. In this thesis, three parallel architectures for data-driven algorithms are presented; i) FPGA-based real-time implementation of online EMD with fixed-point architecture ii) FPGA-based hardware architecture of a popular multi-scale and multivariate signal processing algorithm, termed as Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition (MEMD) iii) FPGA-based architecture for VMD. The proposed FPGA-based architectures for EMD and MEMD work on fixed-point data formats, thereby alleviating the main source of error in existing EMD based architectures. The proposed designs implement computationally extensive CSI and accommodating linear interpolation within the sifting process in EMD and MEMD, which further improves its accuracy. The proposed pipeline designs ensure that despite implementing computationally expensive EMD related tasks, the proposed architecture exhibits minimum execution time and high throughput when compared with existing EMD and MEMD architectures. The proposed EMD architecture achieved maximum operating frequency of 46.44MHz with overall data throughput of 620Mbps. Moreover, the proposed MEMD design attained even higher throughput of 1302 Mbps and achieved clock rate of 31MHz. The proposed VMD architecture has achieved maximum operating frequency of 50MHz with batch processing. Finally, a comprehensive performance of each architecture has been verified with the decomposition of synthetic and real-world biological signals. The results show that the proposed method achieved higher throughput and lesser computational time while keeping the accuracy high. The proposed system has a potential to embed with online and real-time data driven systems.</div><div style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></div><div style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://teacherquiz.blogspot.com/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="120" data-original-width="419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFRqVodGas345LFmkaKTCvnpxWxtwzL9LLJaxyhXScaorvIgpSEuAMTQ_-TsF1PT_POIJzIKeayTHEgn9ljPlva4I71h_hmca5_W9pXnHbsIlx3yxDrwFq4v9owNcqrylF1q7dpvT39GNM/s320/download.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><b><span style="color: red;">Download Here</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://teacherquiz.blogspot.com/" style="color: #999999; font-family: "Open Sans", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span face="verdana, sans-serif" style="color: #cc0000;"><i>SMART ENGINEERING SERVICE</i></span></b></a> </div></div><div><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;" /></div></div></div></div>

Efficient Hardware Architectures for Data Driven Time Frequency Algorithm

 Efficient Hardware Architectures for Data Driven Time Frequency AlgorithmAbstractData-driven methods such as Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition (MEMD), and …

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MR Image Reconstruction using Deep Learning Techniques

<p style="text-align: center;"><b> <span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic", "sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">MR Image Reconstruction using Deep Learning Techniques </span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #201f1e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"> </span></p><div style="background-color: white !important; border: 0px; color: rgb(32, 31, 30) !important; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span style="border: 0px; color: black !important; font-family: "Century Gothic", sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Abstract</span></b></p><div style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 11pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"><span style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black !important; font-size: 11pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="x_x_x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><div class="x_x_MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0in 0.000133333px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a powerful medical diagnostic technique that provides images with a high Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and contrast information. One key parameter in clinical MRI is data acquisition time. MRI needs to be accelerated in terms of data acquisition speed and image reconstruction time. This led to the development of parallel MRI, where an array of multiple channel receiver coils is used to acquire the under-sampled <i>k</i>-space data. Later, advance image reconstruction algorithms are used to get the artifact free solution images. MRI data acquisition has been further accelerated in the recent past using Compressed Sensing MRI (CS-MRI) which can reconstruct images from highly under-sampled <i>k</i>-space data at the cost of long image reconstruction time.  </span></span></p><p class="x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Recently, researchers have used deep learning algorithms to accelerate MRI data acquisition process. The deep learning algorithms outperform the conventional MR image reconstruction algorithms in terms of computational complexity and image reconstruction time. However, the performance of end-to-end deep learning algorithms is limited by the lack of training dataset and generalization capabilities of the trained neural network. </span></span></p><p class="x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the first part of this thesis, a method has been proposed to cope with the data scarcity and generalization issues of the trained neural network in MR image reconstruction. Firstly, the influence of magnetic field strength of a scanner, anatomy and acceleration factors (AFs) on the generalization of a trained neural network has been assessed for MR image reconstruction problem. Later, a transfer learning approach has been proposed to reconstruct an image acquired from a different target domain dataset. It has been shown that a neural network initially trained on the human brain images obtained from 1.5T scanner can be used to reconstruct human brain images obtained from 3T scanner, cardiac images and the images under-sampled by different AFs, respectively, via end-to-end fine tuning with less training time.  </span></span></p><p class="x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the second stage, this thesis provides an insight into the generalization issues of the trained neural network for deep learning-based receiver coil sensitivity maps. Firstly, generalization capabilities of a pre-trained neural network are thoroughly assessed for the sensitivity map estimation of receiver coils of a scanner with a different magnetic field strength; considering the same and different number of receiver coils in the source and target domain datasets. Later, transfer learning is proposed to accurately estimate the sensitivity maps of the receiver coils of different magnetic field strength scanners. It has been shown that a neural network initially trained on 8-channel receiver coil sensitivity maps of 1.5T scanner can be used to estimate the 8 or 12-channel receiver coil sensitivity maps of 3T scanner via end-to-end fine tuning. The receiver coil sensitivity maps estimated by the proposed method provide successful reconstruction in SENSitivity Encoding (SENSE).  </span></span></p><p class="x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: arial;">At the third stage, a novel channel compression method has been proposed to deal with the issues that arise due to increase in number of independent channels in the receiver coils array. The handling and processing of massive MRI data from a large number of multi-channel receiver coils array limits the performance of conventional reconstruction algorithms in terms of image reconstruction time, computational complexity and memory requirements. Deep learning-based channel compression methods have been proposed in the image domain and <i>k</i>-space domain, separately, before CS-MRI reconstruction; without undermining the benefits of a large number of physical channels. The reconstructed images show that the proposed methods allow channel compression with minimum compression losses, retain the spatial information of virtual coils and provide high quality reconstructed images.  </span></span></p><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In this thesis, different deep learning algorithms have been proposed to provide an overall speedup in the reconstruction process of MR images without compromising their quality. Moreover, the shortcomings of end-to-end deep learning algorithms e.g. lack of training dataset for MR image reconstruction problems have also been tackled with the help of transfer learning. It is anticipated that the proposed deep learning algorithms would not only replace the computationally expensive and time-consuming conventional reconstruction algorithms but would also provide practical gains in the clinical applications of MRI.</span></span><br aria-hidden="true" /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://teacherquiz.blogspot.com/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="120" data-original-width="419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFRqVodGas345LFmkaKTCvnpxWxtwzL9LLJaxyhXScaorvIgpSEuAMTQ_-TsF1PT_POIJzIKeayTHEgn9ljPlva4I71h_hmca5_W9pXnHbsIlx3yxDrwFq4v9owNcqrylF1q7dpvT39GNM/s320/download.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><b><span style="color: red;">Download Here</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://teacherquiz.blogspot.com/" style="color: #999999; font-family: "Open Sans", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span face="verdana, sans-serif" style="color: #cc0000;"><i>SMART ENGINEERING SERVICE</i></span></b></a> </div></div><div><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;" /></div></div></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div>

MR Image Reconstruction using Deep Learning Techniques

 MR Image Reconstruction using Deep Learning Techniques  AbstractMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a powerful medical diagnostic technique that provides images with a high Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR…

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Design and Analysis of D2D Communication Mechanisms in 5G Cellular Networks

<p style="text-align: center;"><b> <span style="background-color: white; color: #201f1e; font-family: Cambria, Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Design and Analysis of D2D Communication Mechanisms in 5G Cellular Networks</span></b></p><p style="background-color: white !important; color: rgb(32, 31, 30) !important; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="border: 0px; color: black !important; font-family: Cambria, Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Abstract</span></b></p><div style="background-color: white !important; border: 0px; color: rgb(32, 31, 30) !important; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><div style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic", sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black !important; font-family: NimbusRomNo9L-Regu; font-size: 11pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="x_elementToProof" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="x_x_x_x_MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><div class="x_x_MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15.6933px; margin: 0px 0in 10.6667px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="x_x_MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(32, 31, 30) !important; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: Cambria, Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fifth Generation (5G) cellular networks are expected to cater to booming data demand and immensely high user densities. Device-to-Device (D2D) communication has emerged as a promising enabling technology for 5G to support higher cellular network performance and efficiency. In D2D communication, devices with close proximity establish direct connection among each other with or without network control. Integration of D2D communication into the cellular network can greatly enhance the spectrum utilization as well as creating additional communication opportunities. D2D can be combined with Cognitive Radio (CR) to further enhance spectrum utilization and cellular network performance. Unlike the traditional D2D communication approach which employs only cellular spectrum, cognitive D2D (cD2D) can enable sensing and utilization of non-cellular spectrum opportunistically as well, thus allowing to offload cellular base station traffic to non-cellular spectrum such as WiFi, Bluetooth, or TV white-spaces.</span></p><p class="x_x_MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(32, 31, 30) !important; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: Cambria, Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cognitive D2D users (cDUs) must vacate channel for primary users and hand-off to another secondary channel which renders it quite challenging to meet Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of multi-class cDUs in the presence of higher primary network load. Moreover, mobility of users also causes many problems like blind spots. Blind-spots refer to the areas where wireless signals cannot reach or reach without significant signal strength, they greatly reduce overall system performance in terms of coverage and throughput. Blind-spots often emerge in dynamic environment due to obstacles and mobility of cellular users (CUs).</span></p><p class="x_x_MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(32, 31, 30) !important; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: Cambria, Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In first contribution of this work, an enhanced hybrid spectrum access scheme has been developed based on non-switching spectrum hand-off for multi-class DUs, utilizing both interweave and hybrid interweave underlay spectrum access strategies. Further, lower priority cDUs with non-real-time traffic remain in the system and wait for channels to become available, rather than being dropped from the system due to lack of secondary channels. A Continuous-Time Markov Chain (CTMC) has been developed to analyze the performance of the proposed scheme. For comparison, several cases, ranging from the simple cellular network to complex cellular-cognitive-D2D with hybrid-spectrum-access, have been analyzed. The main focus of the analysis is to compare the efficacy of enhanced hybrid spectrum access scheme with individual interweave and hybrid interweave underlay spectrum access strategies in terms of QoS provisioning for multi-class cDUs. The results depict improvement in throughput, spectrum utilization, and extended data delivery time for the proposed scheme and validate the suitability of the proposed scheme to meet QoS requirements for both delay-sensitive and delay-tolerant users of the multi-class cognitive D2D communication system.</span></p><p class="x_x_MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(32, 31, 30) !important; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: Cambria, Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In second contribution of this work, a relay-aided cognitive Device to Device (cD2D) communication system underlying 5G cellular network which can help mitigate blind spots and enhance user satisfaction is developed. Cognitive capability helps D2D users (DUs) acquire the spectrum opportunistically for proximity communication and establish a semi-independent network underlying 5G network to offload 5G-New Radio (NR) gNodeB base station and enhance overall system performance. In this work, a relay aided cognitive D2D network is developed which help CUs falling into blind spots to get access to 5G network and increase wireless coverage. However, the selection of a relay among many devices needs mutual consent between relay and the device; further, a suitable incentive mechanism is required to tempt uninterested devices to act as relay involving sharing of their scarce resources. Moreover, it is very critical to match devices to suitable relays by ensuring privacy to guarantee user data integrity. In this work, cD2D enabled relay selection algorithm (cDERSA) is proposed wherein the cognitive D2D users (cDUs), which are CUs within blind spots and cognitive relay users (cDRs) which are relay capable CUs, establish a relayed cD2D link to access 5G-NR gNodeB. All users will first scan their surroundings for possible D2D candidate and based on multi-criteria objective functions build their priority table. A stable marriage problem (SMP) is formulated and solved using a unique stable distributed matching algorithm based on Gale-Shapley matching algorithm (GSMA). A new incentive mechanism is also developed to keep cDRs motivated to act as relays. Simulations have been performed and their results validate the significant improvement in throughput and average DU satisfaction with cDERSA.</span></p><p class="x_x_MsoNormal" style="color: rgb(32, 31, 30) !important; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: Cambria, Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The work in this thesis has demonstrated that the performance of 5G cellular networks can significantly be enhanced through integration and combination of various enabling technologies that can help in meeting the demands and expectations that has been placed on 5G systems. </span></p><div><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: Cambria, Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: Cambria, Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: Cambria, Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://teacherquiz.blogspot.com/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="120" data-original-width="419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFRqVodGas345LFmkaKTCvnpxWxtwzL9LLJaxyhXScaorvIgpSEuAMTQ_-TsF1PT_POIJzIKeayTHEgn9ljPlva4I71h_hmca5_W9pXnHbsIlx3yxDrwFq4v9owNcqrylF1q7dpvT39GNM/s320/download.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><b><span style="color: red;">Download Here</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://teacherquiz.blogspot.com/" style="color: #999999; font-family: "Open Sans", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span face="verdana, sans-serif" style="color: #cc0000;"><i>SMART ENGINEERING SERVICE</i></span></b></a> </div></div><div><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;" /></div></div></span></div></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div>

Design and Analysis of D2D Communication Mechanisms in 5G Cellular Networks

 Design and Analysis of D2D Communication Mechanisms in 5G Cellular NetworksAbstractFifth Generation (5G) cellular networks are expected to cater to booming data demand and immensely high user densiti…

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Finite Dimensional Modelling of Underground Coal Gasification

<h2 style="text-align: center;"><b> <span style="background-color: white; color: #201f1e; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">Finite Dimensional Modelling of Underground Coal Gasification</span></b></h2><div><p style="background-color: white !important; color: rgb(32, 31, 30) !important; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="border: 0px; color: black !important; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Abstract</span></b></p><div style="background-color: white !important; border: 0px; color: rgb(32, 31, 30) !important; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><div style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic", sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black !important; font-family: NimbusRomNo9L-Regu; font-size: 11pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 8pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic", sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><div style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 15.6933px; margin: 0px 0px 10.67px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="color: rgb(32, 31, 30) !important; margin: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: Cambria, Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><p class="x_x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span class="x_x_fontstyle01" style="border: 0px; font-family: NimbusRomNo9L-Regu, serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Underground coal gasification (UCG) is an industrial process for exploring coal reserves, particularly at great depths where conventional mining, extraction, transportation or handling of the coal is not economically feasible.</span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">By means of controlled combustion and gasification, deep coal deposits can be converted to gaseous products. In its final state, the predominant component gas of syngas is mainly made up of hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen with traces of ethane and other components.</span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In the oil, gas, and coal industries, UCG claims numerous applications. In Pakistan, 185 billion tons of coal are found, including 175 billion tonnes of Lignite-B in Thar. UCG is the preferred technology for gasifying coal in Thar due to factors such as type of coal, depth and thickness of coal seam, and location of water aquifers under the earth's surface. </span></span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></p><p class="x_x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span class="x_x_fontstyle01" style="border: 0px; font-family: NimbusRomNo9L-Regu, serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A computational model represents a system using variables to characterize it, and it is used to simulate and study the behavior of complex physical processes. It is a well consensus that the mathematical models of a complex physicochemical underground coal gasification process contain multidimensional non-linear partial differential equations (PDEs). These equations are very difficult to solve both analytically and computationally. Therefore, the researchers always seek a suitable numerical scheme, which gives a good balance between the convergence of the solution and computational complexity. </span></span></p><p class="x_x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span class="x_x_fontstyle01" style="border: 0px; font-family: NimbusRomNo9L-Regu, serif; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In this thesis, the non-linear PDEs narrating energy and mass balances of both coal and char are solved by Galerkin finite element method (GFEM), based on seeking an approximate solution in a finite-dimensional space The infinite-dimensional spatial domain is transformed into a finite number of elements, whose dynamics are governed by the time based, vector ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Owing to the execution of GFEM, the time domain and space dependent first-order ODEs for solids (coal and char) and gases are solved numerically to report the solution of the UCG process.</span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A numerical discretization scheme transforms an infinite-dimensional model into a finite-dimensional model, which can be briefly represented as a model reduction. The results are compared to experimental data obtained from the Thar coal UCG site, and to existing work based on the finite difference method (FDM) for the one-dimensional (1D) model of the Thar coal UCG process. Both the simulated results and the quantitative analysis support the superiority of the GFEM model over the FDM model. </span></span></p><p class="x_x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Model solution is also subjected to a detailed parametric analysis that improves the effectiveness of the model. The findings show that compositions of product gas depends on coal properties and operations conditions, based on coal type, flow rate of injected gas, and thickness of coal, along with temperatures through the UCG reactor during mass and heat transport. The gasification model is more stable, improves the heating values for syngas prediction and the compositions of combustible gas based on experiments. </span><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">As UCG is site-specific, there is limited scope to adjust parameters.  Variations in feed rate, steam-oxygen ratio, operating pressure, and particle size are examined to observe their effects on the composition of the product gas and flow rate, and the temperature at the gas outlet.</span></p><p class="x_x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></p><p class="x_x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://teacherquiz.blogspot.com/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="120" data-original-width="419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFRqVodGas345LFmkaKTCvnpxWxtwzL9LLJaxyhXScaorvIgpSEuAMTQ_-TsF1PT_POIJzIKeayTHEgn9ljPlva4I71h_hmca5_W9pXnHbsIlx3yxDrwFq4v9owNcqrylF1q7dpvT39GNM/s320/download.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="x_x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><b><span style="color: red;">Download Here</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://teacherquiz.blogspot.com/" style="color: #999999; font-family: "Open Sans", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span face="verdana, sans-serif" style="color: #cc0000;"><i>SMART ENGINEERING SERVICE</i></span></b></a> </div></div><div><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;" /></div></div><p class="x_x_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: "Century Gothic"; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></p></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div>

Finite Dimensional Modelling of Underground Coal Gasification

 Finite Dimensional Modelling of Underground Coal GasificationAbstractUnderground coal gasification (UCG) is an industrial process for exploring coal reserves, particularly at great depths where conve…

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Power Divider for three dimensional printed Dipole Antenna

<a href="https://teacherquiz.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"></a><h1 style="text-align: center;"> <b>Power Divider ( Phase Shift 180)</b></h1><p>In this file, i have provided CST file of power divider for printed dipole antenna, </p><p>You can modify your own power divider with the help of my power divider</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Please Click the link below:</p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7DE5vWi3YLO5hjkjwQqaiZVDzbW1NYZvE8sSbSdq5asdkYK1XJBSZ4Re5KC5GulYjeHIBuXrdMTiSDRi437mnkIaziq4DONVOBBejZpVD0fTGtBw8NCoZMMy1t1d7em7oIfk1lxVVjROGh321lEAyMk2jOj5eceV83W6xcOMTJWP4eAVroUsOcW58Sw/s1218/Divider.PNG" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="566" data-original-width="1218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7DE5vWi3YLO5hjkjwQqaiZVDzbW1NYZvE8sSbSdq5asdkYK1XJBSZ4Re5KC5GulYjeHIBuXrdMTiSDRi437mnkIaziq4DONVOBBejZpVD0fTGtBw8NCoZMMy1t1d7em7oIfk1lxVVjROGh321lEAyMk2jOj5eceV83W6xcOMTJWP4eAVroUsOcW58Sw/s400/Divider.PNG" width="400" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7DE5vWi3YLO5hjkjwQqaiZVDzbW1NYZvE8sSbSdq5asdkYK1XJBSZ4Re5KC5GulYjeHIBuXrdMTiSDRi437mnkIaziq4DONVOBBejZpVD0fTGtBw8NCoZMMy1t1d7em7oIfk1lxVVjROGh321lEAyMk2jOj5eceV83W6xcOMTJWP4eAVroUsOcW58Sw/s1218/Divider.PNG" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7DE5vWi3YLO5hjkjwQqaiZVDzbW1NYZvE8sSbSdq5asdkYK1XJBSZ4Re5KC5GulYjeHIBuXrdMTiSDRi437mnkIaziq4DONVOBBejZpVD0fTGtBw8NCoZMMy1t1d7em7oIfk1lxVVjROGh321lEAyMk2jOj5eceV83W6xcOMTJWP4eAVroUsOcW58Sw/s1218/Divider.PNG" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7DE5vWi3YLO5hjkjwQqaiZVDzbW1NYZvE8sSbSdq5asdkYK1XJBSZ4Re5KC5GulYjeHIBuXrdMTiSDRi437mnkIaziq4DONVOBBejZpVD0fTGtBw8NCoZMMy1t1d7em7oIfk1lxVVjROGh321lEAyMk2jOj5eceV83W6xcOMTJWP4eAVroUsOcW58Sw/s1218/Divider.PNG" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IIyqn89UWAoP6lMN6VnbhPiq2XiH9F8V/view" imageanchor="1" style="color: #007abe; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="120" data-original-width="419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQcYcwCnqkOuChTh2WNIkS9Hx1JbUUCzDmdqciQCDJevipwuUYtSRCQA8H99dIGwYu0OkHsFkQKBqcO1me5oxhpBIvjL4-k-N6dfkOnxtpjHm08ujMGX5Cv2a4Ri7p5BaZCLYmhxu8xY_b/s320/download.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(211, 211, 211); height: auto; max-width: 95%; padding: 4px; transition: all 0.4s ease-in-out 0s;" width="320" /></a></div><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;" /><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red;">Download Here</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://teacherquiz.blogspot.com/" style="color: #999999; font-family: "Open Sans", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span face="verdana, sans-serif" style="color: #cc0000;"><i>SMART ENGINEERING SERVICE</i></span></b></a> </div></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7DE5vWi3YLO5hjkjwQqaiZVDzbW1NYZvE8sSbSdq5asdkYK1XJBSZ4Re5KC5GulYjeHIBuXrdMTiSDRi437mnkIaziq4DONVOBBejZpVD0fTGtBw8NCoZMMy1t1d7em7oIfk1lxVVjROGh321lEAyMk2jOj5eceV83W6xcOMTJWP4eAVroUsOcW58Sw/s1218/Divider.PNG" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><br /></a></div>

Power Divider for three dimensional printed Dipole Antenna

 Power Divider ( Phase Shift 180)In this file, i have provided CST file of power divider for printed dipole antenna, You can modify your own power divider with the help of my power dividerPlease Click…

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